Determining the CAPACITY of GRAZING is one of the most important issues in rangeland management and failure to comply is one of the causes of rangeland degradation. The purpose of this study was to determine the GRAZING CAPACITY in the middle Taleghan rangelands in the form of short-term policy to consider the factors that should be applied in calculating the GRAZING CAPACITY and in addition to protection, can help improve the rangeland condition. Sampling was carried out in June 2013 by the random-systematic method and the amount of forage production in each vegetation type was harvested separately from livestock GRAZING species in all three classes of palatability I, II, III. After that, the allowable use was determined, and then the short-term GRAZING CAPACITY was determined by the method of calculating the daily energy required for livestock and according to the forage quality. The results showed that the GRAZING CAPACITY in the area varied from 0 to 1534 for the Fashandi race adult sheep in the GRAZING season (four months). The area required for a Fashandi race sheep GRAZING varied from 1. 92 to 8. 63 hectares during the GRAZING season. In general, based on the results, the GRAZING CAPACITY of all studied rangelands during the GRAZING season (four months) was equivalent to 6802 Fashandi race adult sheep. However, the GRAZING CAPACITY of studied rangeland with the good condition was about 145 Fashandi race sheep per hectare and about 19 livestock per hectare for rangelands with poor condition. Therefore, in calculating the CAPACITY of GRAZING, it is necessary to pay attention to the palatability, allowable use, forage quality, and the difference in the livestock daily requirement depending on the weight of GRAZING livestock in rangelands and its mobility.

The calculation of the GRAZING CAPACITY requires the consideration of factors affecting it. Due to the effective factors, the long-term GRAZING CAPACITY model was designed, and then the CAPACITY of the rangelands was calculated. GRAZING CAPACITY was calculated by the proposed model in four steps including estimating the average good production, calculation of available metabolic energy, the daily requirement of the animal unit and GRAZING CAPACITY. Due to the drought condition of habitats and fluctuation of forage production in different years, one cannot calculate GRAZING CAPACITY with once production measurement for the long-term. Hence, the average good production of habitats was determined and based on that, long-term GRAZING CAPACITY was calculated. The average good production of Golestan Kouh, Vardast, and Pashmakan habitats in the statistical period of 6-7 years was estimated to be 425, 233. 8 and 343. 3 kg/ha, which are related to normal years in terms of rainfall. The GRAZING CAPACITY of habitats in a quarterly period of four months was calculated to be 0. 8, 0. 3 and 0. 5 animal unit per hectare so that if there is a drought for 12 consecutive months, there will be no damage to vegetation. Meanwhile, there is not much damage to the beneficiary and he will not have to sell too much of his livestock. The area needed for GRAZING of an animal unit in the rangelands was suggested to be 1. 3, 3. 3 and 2 hectare. This amount is recommended to be one hectare for a 30-year period based on a common method in range management plans. This indicates the need to pay attention to the factors affecting the GRAZING CAPACITY and emphasizes the application of the proposed model in order to calculate the rangeland CAPACITY.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the CAPACITY of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Continuous use of the semi-arid Ghareh Aghach rangeland in Isfahan province is not only detrimental to animal production and vegetation cover, but also reduces the stability of the soil and increase soil erosion which ends up with range degradation. . The goal of this study was to present a model for range management based on GRAZING CAPACITY and vegetation value by which the problem of range degradation is mitigated. For the model an index of classification management (IRC), was designed to determine the range suitability for livestock GRAZING. In this model, rangeland is classified into three suitability classes. The first is conservation rangelands, which is not suitable for livestock GRAZING, due to degradation problem. This rangeland is mainly devoted to conservation, ecological and social values; the second class is moderately productive rangelands, which is dedicated to multiple rational land uses and the third is intensively productive rangeland, focusing on maximum economic effect. The results of this study showed that, from 7158.81 hectares of semi-arid Ghareh Aghach rangelands, conservation range type occupies 4695.92 ha, accounted for 65.6% of rangeland area. In these range types, GRAZING should be eliminated to allow restoration of degenerated areas and to further improve the environment. Also, agricultural application, such as dry farming, planting, seedling and inter-seeding, should be used to enhance the productivity of these range types. Moderately production range type covers 2462.89 ha, accounted for 34.3% of rangeland area. Livestock GRAZING should be allowed based on GRAZING CAPACITY. For improve potential yield of this range areas, some application such as rotational or deferred GRAZING system could be applied. If desirable species in plant composition is limited, range should be kept a way from GRAZING. Continuous use of Ghareh Aghach rangeland has led to low available forage and low frequency of desirable species in plant composition. In semi-arid Ghareh Aghach region, no productive rangeland was available.

Despite their high importance, the degradation of rangelands has accelerated over the years. The livestock in excess as compared to rangelands’ GRAZING CAPACITY, along with the excess number of human exploiters are (among other factors) two main causes of ongoing severe degradation. The national plan of the Balance between Livestock Number and GRAZING CAPACITY (BLGC) is aimed at mobilizing all elements involved in policy-making, planning, execution, supervision and evaluation and is intended to eliminate the above-mentioned destructive factors. The executives of the plan along with exploiters constitute the core of the plan. Knowledge of these individuals’ participation in the plan in the recent years would pave the way for the participation of others. Having this in mind, the present research was carried out in 2001. One hundred and nineteen individuals from among the executive officials participated in the plan from 15 provinces of the state constituted the study population. There is a significantly positive correlation observed between characteristics of the Plan for Balancing Livestock with GRAZING CAPACITY (its feasibility and ability to meet expectations) and educational programs (symbolic events, video-films, radio and television programs & extension publications). Multivariate regression results indicated that the variable "realization of expectations" puts the most effect on the extent of participation of individuals in the plan. From among the variables categorized under "individual characteristics" title, the level of education plays the most important role in encouraging individuals to be involved in the plan, and from among the variables “related to educational and xtensional methods” the variables of symbolic events and meetings with natural resources experts has the strongest effect on the participants’ share in the realization of the objectives of the Balancing Livestock with GRAZING CAPACITY Plan.

Preference value means livestock preference to eat some plants relative to other plants or species. Accordingly, by studying the preference values, the range managers could determine the rangelands GRAZING CAPACITY to achieve the optimum performance of livestock and to guarantee the stability of rangeland ecosystem. The objective of this study was to determine the preference value of perennial grasses using two methods of preference index (species feeding frequency) and sheep GRAZING time (feeding time recording) in a semi-steppe rangeland in the middle Alborz Mountains of Iran during four consecutive years (2010-2013). The collected data were tested for normality and then, analyzed by the software of SAS9.1. The means comparisons were made using the Duncan method. Results showed that sheep preferred five grass species (Bromus tomentellus, Festuca ovina, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron intermedium, and Agropyron trichophorum) in the rangeland. There were significant differences between species and years for GRAZING time method; however, there were no significant differences for preference index. Also, there were significant differences between months within years for both methods. Results showed that A. trichophorum with the average value of 13.8% GRAZING time was ranked as the first species followed by D. glomerata with the average value of 11.1% as the second one (GRAZING time method). There were no significant differences between A. trichophorum, B. tomentellus, D. glomerata and F. ovina regarding the preference index with the average values of 0.57, 0.75, 0.70 and 0.56, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that GRAZING time percent method in semiarid rangelands gives more realistic results as compared to the preference index method because of the concrete and tangible results.

To find an accurate and rapid method of estimating herbage crop, Double Sampling (DS), Comparative Yield (CY), and clipping and weighing (CW) methods were applied to a summer rangeland in North-eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. The method was called SMFY (Simulation Model of Forage Yield) to emphasize the statistical aspects of simulated model. In representative stands five 1-m2 reference plots were chosen to represent the ranges of standing crop. Using a systematic-random design, 180 1-m2 plots were ranked against the reference plots for CY, visually estimated for DS, and subsequently, all of them were Clipped and Weighed (CW). After clipping and weighing 5 reference plots with 6 replications for CY and estimating and clipping 37 plots for DS, regression lines were plotted between the estimated, ranked, and clipped plots. This study was conducted during 2011-13. There was high correlation (0. 90-0. 99) for DS and CY, so the estimated and ranked data were corrected based on the regression equations. There were strong linear relationships between the corrected and clipped data for the DS and CY methods which confirmed the suitability of both methods against the CW, so all of 180 estimated plots were corrected and were compared by ANOVA. The non-significant F for CY, DS, and CW confirmed the high efficiency of DS and CY, so based on the estimated production, GRAZING CAPACITY of study area was calculated. Preferring one of these methods depends on further research in time and cost efficiency of DS and CY. Available DM of 389. 75 kg/ha support 6. 5 AUM per ha and for the GRAZING period of 4 months, each hectare of this rangeland can carry on 1. 62 AU per ha. The current stocking rate of study area is about 0. 82 AU per hectare which was suitable based on carrying CAPACITY of study area.

Subalpine rangeland as a rara avis ecosystem is very important because of ecological features. Consistency and resistance of this ecosystem is so frangible and its natural equilibrium is instable due to the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. The landslide as one of negative consequences in upland area is seen in Masoleh watershed (north of Iran). This study has investigated the roles of biotic factors playing in the occurrence of the landslides in Masoleh rangeland. Hence, two sites such as exclosure and GRAZING areas were analyzed and compared. The plot size was 1m2 and totally, 128 plots were obtained by minimal area method and statistical formula approach, respectively. The rangeland conditions were measured by six-factor method. Clipping and weighing method was used to determine the GRAZING CAPACITY. In order to do the landslide zonation, the landslide index was employed. Results showed that there were significant differences between species densities and soil conservation factors in both exclosure and GRAZING areas. There might bemore than 1.2 overstocking in the GRAZING area. The rangeland conditions‟ classes and distance from fold, effective biotic factors, geologic formation, soil texture and effective abiotic factors were the most influential factors on the landslide occurrence in subalpine ecosystem of Masoleh. Regarding results of current research, the exclosure can protect the soil from the landslide through increasing the perennial and endemic species. Decreasing livestock and regulating the animal entrance and egress to reach the suitable circumstances of vegetation covers and pull up the landslide occurrence are recommended in this area.

AbstractPurpose: The velocity of change in the surrounding world has forced them to identify those factors which impact their change CAPACITY. The present study was conducted to identify and prioritize influential factors on organizational change CAPACITY.Methodology: In terms of purpose, this was explorative and applied research. Its population included ten familiar experts with research subjects in a research and training center. By reviewing the literature on change CAPACITY, relevant, influential factors were identified, and they were concurred by the fuzzy Delphi technique, and then they were ranked. After recognizing influential factors, a pair comparisons questionnaire was distributed among ten experts, and after gathering the questionnaires, effecting factors were ranked using the Expert Choice11 Software package and AHP technique.Findings: Results show that organizational culture, structure, and style of leadership were the main factors that impacted change CAPACITY.Conclusion: The influential factors can be divided into three categories: environmental, content, and structural elements. Environmental factors include environment and innovation; content factors include team working, intellectual capital, leadership, political behavior, and human resource management; Structural elements include strategy, structure, organizational policies, information technology, knowledge management, and technology. Value: This is the first time in the literature that the influential variables affecting the change CAPACITY were recognized and categorized in a conceptual classification that has not been seen in the previous research.

Determination of GRAZING CAPACITY is considered as one of the most fundamental aspects of range management and understanding its effective factors is of utmost importance. Since the amount of forage production in a growth period is the basis for calculation of GRAZING CAPACITY, in this research the estimation of production through the measurement of plant’s dimensions was investigated. For this purpose, the habitat of Artemisia sieberi was determined and then 8 transects of 50 m length were established with 10 m intervals by random-systematic method. The height and diameter of 40 species of Artemisia sieberi with different dimensions were recorded and the production of each species was clipped and weighted after drying. All data were analyzed by SPSS. Results showed that there was a significant linear correlation between production as a dependent variable and volume, canopy cover and height of Artemisia sieberi as independent variables (R2=0.88, 0.84, and 0.74, respectively) at 1% probability level. Finally, the relationship between production and volume was identified as the best linear relationship.